With their accord, the countries effectively restricted the export to China of the most advanced microchips and the tools to produce them. The agreed non-agreement between the three states pertains to some of the most complex machinery and most miniscule components humankind has ever produced. And it encapsulates some of the critical challenges facing the European Union at the intersection of international security, the world economy, the technological revolution, and strategic competition. Yet the subject of their deal goes to the heart of the growing strategic competition between the US and China. They held no press conference and released no joint statement. In January 2023, the United States and two of its closest allies, the Netherlands and Japan, concluded a ground-breaking agreement – but took pains not to draw attention to it, or even to call it an agreement. This more coherent stance will enable the EU both to act where necessary but also to defend itself and its member states from future pressure from China – and the US.The EU must develop a new strategic technology doctrine and upgrade its export control policy.To better defend its interests, the EU needs to develop clearer policies on China and security, including pursuing the ‘de-risking’ of its relations with Beijing.The US is restricting trade in key technologies with China and pushing EU member states to follow its lead.Western technology contributes to China’s military modernisation as well as the development of Russian weapon systems.Technology is increasingly a battleground in the strategic competition between the US and China.

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